Negotiation principles internationally

1. Licensing and Open Access go Hand-in-Hand – The world of subscription deals and APC-deals are closely linked. Nobody should pay for subscriptions and pay APCs at the same time (‘double dipping’). Each new license agreed on should therefore contain conditions about both sides of the coin. Increased spending on APCs should result in proportionately lower spending on subscription fees.
2. No Open Access, No Price Increase – There is enough money in the system already. Libraries have paid annual price increases of up to 8% for years, supposedly to allow publishers to innovate. A key feature of innovation for the research community is that research outputs are freely available. Therefore if an agreement with publishers on Open Access cannot be reached in our contracts, future price increases should not be accepted.
3. Transparency for Licensing Deals: No Non-Disclosure – The practices of libraries should fully reflect their commitment to Open Access. Licensing agreements should therefore be openly available. Society will not accept confidential agreements paid for with public money in the form of non-disclosure agreements, as recent developments in Finland and The Netherlands have shown.
4. Keep Access Sustainable – To avoid putting more money in the system, and to strengthen Open Access, some libraries have given up their rights to perpetual access in license agreement. Perpetual access is, however, critical in a quickly-changing publishing environment. Libraries must secure sustainable access to content.
5. Usage Reports Should Include Open Access – Although APC-buyouts are becoming more common, reporting about Open Access is still rare. Just as libraries receive reports about downloads and usage in the subscription world, they should also receive reports on Open Access publications. It is normal to receive insight into what we pay for.

Read more about the 5 principles

Building on the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities and on the progress that has been achieved so far, we are pursuing the large-scale implementation of free online access to, and largely unrestricted use and re-use of scholarly research articles.

We recognize and endorse various ways of implementing open access (OA), including the development of new OA publishing platforms, archives and repositories. In scholarly journal publishing, OA has gained a substantial and increasing volume. Most journals, however, are still based on the subscription business model with its inherent deficiencies in terms of access, cost-efficiency, transparency, and restrictions of use.

To gain the full benefits of OA and enable a smooth, swift and scholarly oriented transition, the existing corpus of scholarly journals should be converted from subscription to open access. Recent developments and studies indicate that this transition process can be realized within the framework of currently available resources.

With this statement, we express our interest in establishing an international initiative for the OA transformation of scholarly journals, and we agree upon the following key aspects:

• We aim to transform a majority of today’s scholarly journals from subscription to OA publishing in accordance with community-specific publication preferences. At the same time, we continue to support new and improved forms of OA publishing.
• We will pursue this transformation process by converting resources currently spent on journal subscriptions into funds to support sustainable OA business models. Accordingly, we intend to re-organize the underlying cash flows, to establish transparency with regard to costs and potential savings, and to adopt mechanisms to avoid undue publication barriers.
• We invite all parties involved in scholarly publishing, in particular universities, research institutions, funders, libraries, and publishers to collaborate on a swift and efficient transition for the benefit of scholarship and society at large.

Specific steps and milestones for the transformation process shall be outlined in a roadmap to be further developed in the course of this initiative. We see the initiative as one element of a more profound evolution of the academic publishing system that will lead to major improvements in scholarly communication and research evaluation.

Go to OA2020

Open Access Model & Price Model

• 100% OA
• or Offsetting
• or Read & Publish
• or Licensing agreement combined with discount on Publication Charges
• and/or clearly stated self-archiving rights after specified embargo period

License period

• If no open access terms are included, only sign one year agreements [LIBER PRINCIPLE]

Transparency

• Information on agreement to be published on consortium website

Read more about the Nordic consortia commitements

1. Journal subscription current spending must be used to fund the transition to open access at no cost increase, because we invested already enough money in the system
2. All journal subscription agreements with scientific publishers should include an open access component, based on green road, gold road, or both– at no extra cost
3. When reaching such agreements reveals not to be possible, standard subscription agreements not including any open access component should be concluded at a reduced cost. This cost reduction will thus generate savings available to be invested in open access, alternative publishing roads or alternative publishers.
4. Immediate open access should be the norm. As a first step towards full and immediate open access, we could temporarily and transitionally accept a delayed open access, in any case no longer than 6 months after publication (12 months in Humanities). 
5. Science publications and research results being a part of the world heritage of mankind, the long-term preservation of research output is a crucial issue; public institutions and libraries have a responsibility for long-term preservation of research publications. Consequently, all agreements with publishers must include archival rights for all the subscribed content and long-term preservation with a local hosting option. Archival and local hosting rights must be granted by the publisher at no extra cost, as a standard component of any subscription or “publish and read” deal.
6. Cost transparency being a key-issue, because science information publishing is funded by public money, we are willing to make public our data concerning science information subscription and publishing costs; we highlight the interest of the European University Association (EUA) Big Deals survey and encourage EUA to make public the aggregated data concerning Europe science information expenditure.

Read the full statement

In the Call to Action, seven strategic priorities for journal negotiations have been formulated:

1. We will prioritize making immediate open access publishing available to UC authors as part of our negotiated agreements.
2. We will prioritize agreements that lower the cost of research access and dissemination, with sustainable, cost-based fees for OA publication. Payments for OA publication should reduce the cost of subscriptions at UC and elsewhere.
3. We will prioritize agreements with publishers who are transparent about the amount of APC-funded content within their portfolios, and who share that information with customers as well as the public.
4. We will prioritize agreements that enable UC to achieve expenditure reductions in our licenses when necessary, without financial penalty.
5. We will prioritize agreements that make any remaining subscription content available under terms that fully reflect academic values and norms, including the broadest possible use rights.
6. We will prioritize agreements that allow UC to share information about the open access provisions with all interested stakeholders, and we will not agree to non-disclosure requirements in our licenses.
7. We will prioritize working proactively with publishers who help us achieve a full transition to open access in accordance with the principles and pathways articulated by our faculty and our libraries.

• Read the full Call to Action
• The Call to Action appeared alongside discussion of another recently-released University of California document, the Declaration of Rights and Principles to Transform Scholarly Communication.
• Guidelines for Evaluating Transformative Open Access Agreements

1. We are in broad support of Plan S and its goals to ensure immediate and complete open access to journal articles resulting from publicly funded research to the world. We applaud the effort of Plan S to provide strong incentives to make research open access. We support an international effort to achieve this goal worldwide as soon as possible.

2. We fully recognize that the need for forceful and accountable policies by public funders in research, education, and libraries, to facilitate open access against various entrenched interests or the inertia of the status quo. We urge all in research, education, publishing, platforms, repositories, and libraries to engage diligently in transformative efforts abreast with time to meet the challenges.

3. We support the Final Conference Statement of the 14th Berlin Conference on Open Access with its commitments. We urge all the publishers to work with the global research community to effect complete and immediate open access according to the Statement.

4. We support the principles and roadmaps of OA2020 Initiative which aims to transform a majority of today’s scholarly journals from subscription to OA publishing, while continues to support new forms of OA publishing. We believe the transition process can be realized within the framework of currently available resources. We see no legitimate reasons for, and will object to, any attempts to increase spending from the original subscribing institutions in the transformation.

5. We support that authors retain copyrights of their publications in open access publishing through journals or open access platforms.

6. We support that open access publications are made under open licenses. We support the use of the CC-BY license as the preferred one but recommend that other CC licenses also be allowed as compliant to Plan S.

7. We recognize the strong need for compliant requirements, agreed by the research communities, for open access journals and platforms. We agree that infrastructural instruments like DOAJ and OpenDOAR can be utilized to help identifying and signaling compliance, but we urge that cOAlition S and other funders recognize and support other appropriate mechanisms for the purpose and require any such instruments are put under international oversight by the global research community to ensure their no-for-profit nature, inclusiveness, objectiveness, integrity, and efficiency.

8. We commend the recognition by Plan S that there exist different models of financing and paying for Open Access publication. We support an inclusive range of immediate open access publishing approaches. We support the transparency and monitoring of open access publication costs and fees.

9. We urge that cOAlition S and other funders, through Plan S or other means, provide financial support for no-fee OA journals. The wide range of support approaches tono-fee OA journals should be encouraged to enhance the diversity of open access publishing and competitiveness of publishing market, and to avoid the perverse effect of giving no-fee journals an incentive to start charging fees. While the support can start with general term statements, measures can be timely designed and tested to encourage quality, integrity, transparency and openness, and increasing host investment and other diverse and appropriate income.

10. We support that where article processing charges (APCs) apply, efforts are made to establish a fair and reasonable APC level, including equitable waiver policies, that reflects the costs involved in the quality assurance, editing, and publishing process and how that adds value to the publication. We hold it very important that any such effort should take into consideration of the diversity in the world to ensure applicability and affordability of any such measures across countries and disciplines.

11. We commend the support and requirements of Plan S for financing APCs for open access publication in subscription journals (“hybrid Open Access”) only under transformative agreements. These agreements should be temporary and transitional, with a shift to full open access within a very few years.

12. We understand the purposes and the benefits of using ORCIDs in journal publications. Considering different paces of adopting ORCID in different regions and disciplines, we recommend that it is implemented as a preferred condition, at least in the short beginning years. We recommend the same treatment for using DOI.

13. We support the Plan S recommendation that “all publications and also other research outputs deposited in open repositories.” We recommend that Plan S make full acknowledge and use of the full range of capabilities of open repositories to support open access, long-term preservation, research management, and re-use.

14. We encourage that Plan S takes the transformative green OA mechanism as one of venues to implement open access, as long as the embargo period of compliant green OA repositories should be reduced to zero in a short time.

15. We understand the purposes and the benefits of automatic ingest of publications, JATS XML format, Open API to allow others (including machines) to access, QA process to integrate full text with core abstract and indexing services. We support the efforts to work toward adapting to these or equivalent techniques for more efficient processing and better use of open access content. We call on publishers and libraries to strive for this. However, at the beginning, we recommend that these are implemented as preferred measures. Other means of ingest, different machine-readable publication formats, alternative Open APIs or even temporarily lacking of Open APIs, and other means of QA should be allowed as compliant. At the same time common best practice guidelines and infrastructural support should be developed with international consultation to make the best and easy use of these or other equivalent methods or techniques.

16. We recommend that Plan S add as a requirement that, either by national laws or regulations, or by grant contract requirements, that funded authors retain sufficient and non-exclusive rights to deposit their publications into open repositories.

17. We commend and support the intention of cOAlition S and other public funders to support mechanisms for establishing Open Access journals, platforms, and infrastructures where necessary in order to provide routes to open access publication in all disciplines. We encourage efforts by funders to increase the innovation and competitiveness of open access publishing and open access infrastructural instruments.

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1. Agreements must reduce and constrain costs
Academic publishing is a shared endeavour between publishers, research funders, academic staff, and institutions. A global transition to OA requires funders, publishers and institutions to work in unison to implement agreements that offer the maximum benefit with the minimum burden, on public finances, to researchers and institutions. The cost of agreements must reflect the financial circumstances of UK universities and recognise the significant non-cash contribution the sector provides through peer review and editorial services.

Universities are already taking measures to reduce their costs and further increase efficiency through actions including recruitment freezes and tighter spending controls. University and research libraries ask their suppliers to similarly strive for efficiency in order to provide affordable options that reflect the new financial context universities now operate under. Many if not all institutions need to reprioritise investment to respond to fast-changing circumstances and are unable to commit to agreements that lock in library or research funds. The COVID-19 pandemic shows beyond doubt the value of OA to society, not only for public health but to knowledge in all areas.

The agreement must:

• Enable institutions to publish 100% of their research OA and access paywalled articles for an affordable and sustainable fee. For clarification, the total fee charged for both access to paywalled content and OA publishing must result in a reduction on existing subscription expenditure
• Offer fair, affordable and sustainable fees for access and publishing services
• Commit to constraining costs for all elements of the agreement, including APCs. Fees should not reflect payments made for publishing services “in the wild” by individual researchers
• Recognise that institutions are diverse with differing research profiles. Publishing output can vary dramatically each year
• Ensure that charges for paywalled content and collections reflect the volume of content made open access – reconciliation of the volume of content made open access should be undertaken each year and reflected in the price paid by all customers
• Ensure that OA titles remain OA. Public funds and collective efforts have assisted the transformation of titles to OA. OA titles should not revert to paywall access under subscription models

Agreements that include APCs paid by individual researchers or arrangements with illusory or complicated discount mechanisms, such as the application of discount codes, add costs and inefficiencies to the system and must be avoided. We are of the view that models that convert all output to OA and that lessen the number of transactions, particularly by authors, are the most efficient and cost effective.
 

2. Agreements must be transitional
Publisher proposals must:

• Demonstrate a commitment to an OA transition through the conversion of subscription expenditure to support immediate open access publication
• Provide a rapid increase in UK authored articles published OA – 100% of UK output as quickly as possible. Funding by cOAlition S members to support publication fees in transitional agreements will cease on 31 December 2024
• Demonstrate a commitment to a global transition by offering similar transitional agreements to other institutions, consortia or countries
• Show how the agreement breaks the link from legacy pricing models to support the implementation of clear, fair and transparent pricing models more suited to an open access environment
• Provide permanent full-text access to all content. This is to secure future access and remove the need for publishers and institutions to maintain entitlement records relating to paywalled content

3. Agreements must aid compliance with funder mandates
The agreement must enable institutions and their authors to comply with funder mandates by:

• Supporting OA via the green route by making the “version of record” first made publicly available (such as on the publisher’s website) or the Author’s Accepted Manuscript (AAM) openly available immediately in repositories in full alignment with funder policies including the application of CC-BY licensing terms
• Allowing the author or the author´s institution to retain their copyright and the rights necessary to make a version of the article immediately available under a compliant open licence
• Implementing processes that assign the specific licensing terms, such as CC-BY, that make clear to the author that the application of the licensing terms is a requirement of funding
• Joining Jisc Publications Router to provide the systematic transfer of metadata and deposit of full-text articles into repositories
• Depositing articles into PubMed Central (PMC) and Europe PMC by the first publication of the version of record, where applicable, and no more than three months after the date of acceptance

4. Agreements must be transparent
It is in the public interest, not only that publicly funded research has the widest possible reach, but that the costs, progress and details of the transition to open access are openly available. This allows the sector to benchmark, improve processes and better understand where investment or divestment is required. The goal is the implementation of fair, transparent, affordable and sustainable pricing for publishing services.

It will be a requirement of an agreement that the publisher enters into open and transparent conversations with the sector and Jisc on the transition of their portfolio, business models and underlying financial accounting. This will be monitored by the transitional agreements oversight group. From 1 July 2022, only those publishers which adhere to at least one of the cOAlition S Price Transparency Frameworks will be eligible to receive funds from cOAlition S members and qualify as a transitional agreement.

In advance of consultations with institutions, publisher proposals must provide details by institution of:

• The number of articles published by each UK institution in all the publisher’s journals including, on an article basis, details of article processing fee charges and corresponding author information
• All available information that identifies whether the research was funded by UK research funders and whether the applicable article processing fee charges was supported by UK research funders

On acceptance of an agreement, details of the costs, pricing models and the agreement terms (contract) will be made publicly available online. The agreement will be logged in the ESAC registry.

Throughout the agreement, the publisher will be contractually obligated to provide the following data:

• The number of total OA articles published in each journal
• The number and details of all OA articles published in fully open access and subscriptions journals included and outside the agreement by year
• Article level data for all articles published by UK authors, including details of which titles have “flipped to OA” that were previously paid for through subscriptions

5. OA content must be discoverable, and agreements must support improvements in service and workflow for authors and administrators
An effective transition to open access is reliant on developments in technical infrastructure and the adoption of national and international standards, which can enable deliver efficiencies for publishers, authors and institutions and enhanced discovery and re-use.

The agreement must:

• Evidence a commitment to improving the processes and workflows associated with managing open access to deliver greater efficiencies and discovery of open access material
• Include the service and performance levels stipulated in the Jisc model licence, which reflect several of the ESAC recommendations and provide a compensation mechanism should the agreed levels not be met

The publisher shall be responsible for the identification of eligible authors and eligible articles from a given individual and institution as part of the submission and publication process.

The publisher shall build ORCID, Ringgold or other recognised identifiers into submission, production, and peer review workflows and expose author ORCIDs in published articles and author accepted manuscripts via AI services, CrossRef and other discovery services.

The publisher shall identify eligible authors through at least one of the following parameters:

• Authors stating their affiliation(s) at article submission
• IP ranges
• Email domain(s)

The publisher undertakes to:

• Register the article’s DOI with CrossRef upon acceptance, and inform all co-authors
• Identify funders of institutional research by populating funding metadata, including funding body and grant number, in Funding Data (on CrossRef) and on the publisher’s site so institutions can report to funders and show compliance levels
• Include clear licensing terms at article level to ensure institutional readers/users understand what they may do with a given article and that repository staff and related services can act upon the correct article licensing terms. Article level information is required for each version of the article and ideally by populating the LicenseRef metadata on CrossRef as well as in a human-readable form

Read the full JISC requirements

A “read & publish” approach is favoured, aimed at compensating publishing houses for the articles published from Swiss universities plus a fee for access to the complete content in lieu of the classic subscriptions for accessing journals. The main idea is to transform publishing and establish a new business and price model geared towards the publications. The negotiation goals are based on the principles of LIBER:

1. Licences and open access are closely linked: No institution should pay licence fees for access to the contents and additional article processing charges (APCs; “double-dipping”). The payment of APCs should lead to a proportional reduction of the licence fees. This is to be regulated in the new licence contracts.
2. No open access, no price increase: Overall, the universities invest a lot of money in journal subscriptions, which are subject to annual price increases. On the academic publication market, however, the demand for open access publication models is on the increase. Providers must meet these needs. Therefore, price increases are no longer acceptable. Transparency of the licence contracts:
3. The licence contracts are paid from public funds. Accordingly, their contents should also be open access. Socially, confidentiality clauses are no longer accepted.
4. Guaranteeing long-term access to content that is already licensed: In order to prevent libraries from spending more money on licences and boost open access, some libraries have relinquished long-term access to licensed content in the past. However, this access is crucial in a rapidly developing market and must be guaranteed.
5. Usage data should contain open access: Although APC payments are becoming increasingly important, the quality of the reports on publications and paid services is unsatisfactory. Alongside usage figures with accesses and downloads, libraries should also be able to access automated reports on open access publications at any time.
6. Cost neutrality: Open access should not lead to higher costs in the medium and long term, even though additional costs may be incurred in the conversion phase.
7. Minimising administrative burden: While switching to a new model, the necessary administrative burden for researchers and libraries should be kept to a minimum.

Read the full fact sheet on the negotiating strategy of swissuniversities

(a) From 2016 onward, license agreements with publishers should be concluded in a manner that the research publications of authors from Austria are automatically published Open Access.
(b) All contracts from 2020 onward should include this clause.
(c) Contracts and prices should be made public.
(d) In their negotiations with publishers, the Austrian Academic Library Consortium (KEMÖ) should be supported by the executives of the research organisations.

Read the recommendations